In physiological terms, what does hypoxia usually cause?

Hypoxia, defined as a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching tissues, typically leads to decreased cellular respiration. This occurs because oxygen is a crucial substrate needed for aerobic metabolism within cells, specifically in the mitochondria, where it plays a key role in producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. When there is insufficient oxygen, cells are unable to efficiently produce ATP, which is essential for energy-dependent processes. As a result, cellular respiration is compromised, leading to reduced energy production and potential metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of anaerobic byproducts like lactic acid.

While some physiological responses to hypoxia may initially involve attempts to increase oxygen delivery or adaptations to enhance oxygen utilization, the fundamental outcome in terms of cellular function is a reduction in cellular respiration. In circumstances where cellular respiration is hindered, the body's efforts to maintain homeostasis may be challenged, resulting in further metabolic disruptions and physiological consequences.